CalmSky的学习笔记[旺旺英语论坛]

Inversion in conditional sentences

We can use inversion in certain types of conditional sentences when the if-clause begins with had, were or should. Sentences with inversion sometimes sound more formal than those with the more conventional if-construction. Compare the following:

Had he not resigned, we would have been obliged to give him the sack.
If he had not resigned, we would have been forced to sack him.
Were she to find out that he was seeing some one else, she'd go berserk.
If she were to find out that he was cheating on her, she would go mad.
Should you decide to cancel the contract, please let me know by Friday.
If you decide to withdraw from the agreement, please phone me by Friday.

So do I, etc

These expressions are quite informal, Martine, and are readily used in short answers in spoken English to express agreement with what has been said in the first statement. So is here followed by inverted word order: auxiliary verb + subject:

Judy can run 100 m in 11 seconds. ~ So can Henry!
I've got a blister on my big toe. ~ So have I.
I'm going to get it seen to by the club doctor. ~ So am I.
I like to eat really hot food on cold days and so do all my friends.

So is occasionally followed by normal word order in short answers to express surprised agreement:

If you don't believe me, just look out of the window. It's snowing! ~ So it is!
You've given me tea and I asked for coffee! ~ So I have! I'm sorry.

Neither / nor would I, etc

These expressions are used in a similar way to So would I, etc, to express agreement with negative statements:

I can't swim very well and neither can my sister.
I wouldn't dream of going into the water if the temperature is below 20° C and nor would any southerner.

inversion after negative expressions

We can use inversion in statements for the purpose of emphasis if we decide to start the statement with a negative expression. Compare the following:

Under no circumstances would I wear a mini-skirt.
I wouldn't wear a mini-skirt under any circumstances.

In this example, the first statement is more emphatic than the second one. We can use this approach with a wide variety of adverbial negative expressions, although it makes them sound rather formal. Compare the following:

At no time would he allow his team mates to argue with the referee.
Rarely / Seldom have I seen such an exciting game of football.
Hardly had I taken my seat before two goals were scored.
I had to show him my press pass and only then did he let me in.
Only when the players had changed into smart clothes after the match were they allowed to talk to the TV reporters.

Stative verbs

Stative verbs describe states or conditions which continue over a period of time, so like, love, hate, want, need, hear and see would all be examples of stative verbs. These verbs are not normally used in the progressive form.

Thus, we would say 'I've always liked tennis' and NOT 'I've always been liking tennis'. Dynamic or action verbs describe things that happen within a limited time, things which have a definite beginning and end. Come, bring, buy, get, learn, listen and watch would all be examples of dynamic verbs. These verbs may be used in both progressive and simple forms:

I shall be bringing Ben with me when I visit you on Friday, if that's all right. I shall bring Ben with me when I visit you on Friday, if that's all right. I learnt how to scuba dive when I was in Costa Rica. I was learning how to scuba dive when I heard that you were coming.

However, some stative verbs are occasionally used in the progressive form when they describe something with a definite beginning and end - like your soup example, Tammo.

Let us have a look at a few examples of some of the most common stative verbs. In each of these examples, the stative aspect is listed first and the progressive form, to describe something that is temporary, is listed second. be

My new boyfriend's a doctor and he's extremely nice. There's no point losing your temper. You're being very silly about this. Just calm down!

have

He has sparkling blue eyes and wavy blond hair. Where is that noise coming from? ~ It's our neighbours. They're having a party.

think/love

Do you think our love affair will last? I have never loved anybody as much as I love Ben. I'm thinking of going to Mauritius for my next holiday.

smell

His aftershave smells of orange blossom. Such a heavenly smell! Why are you smelling the cream, Richard? ~ It's three days old. I think it may be off.

see/know

He was looking at me in a strange way and I saw/knew at once that something was wrong. I'm seeing her tomorrow. Then we'll know whether she wants to work here or not.

feel

He said he felt that we weren't suited to one another after all. How are you feeling today? ~ I'm not feeling / I don't feel very well, actually.

mean

Melissa tried to comfort me. "He doesn't mean what he says," she said. I've been meaning to ask you this for some time. Is there anyone else?

forget

He treated me so badly but I shall never forget him. Oh yes, of course, I was forgetting: Daphne's birthday is on Saturday.

以下是引用Silver_lining在2005-5-8 10:05:19的发言：

Foot用法

1. on your feet.

2. have two left feet.

3. have one foot in the grave.

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以下是引用Silver_lining在2005-5-8 22:33:41的发言：

Die的用法

1. I really die for a huge glass of water

2. one die rolled right off the table.

3. die down.

4. I am a die hard fan of Silver_lining.

die hard To take a long time in passing out of existence: racial prejudices that die hard. To resist against overwhelming, hopeless odds: radicalism that dies hard.

5. the die is cast.

if you are not sure of the meanings,

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Dead 的用法

基本用法

1. dead 死的，死掉的英解：no longer living A: Chinese people have great respect for the dead. 中国人很尊敬死者。 B: They think that bad luck is caused by lack of proper respect. 他们认为厄运是不敬所导致的。

2. dead 坏掉的，无法运作的英解：not working; inoperative A: What's wrong with your car? 你的车怎么了？ B: It's dead. It won't even start. 它动不了，连发都发不动。

3. dead 绝对地，完全地英解：absolutely, completely A: I am dead tired. Let's catch a nap. 我快累死了，我们小睡一下吧。 B: Ok. Take a breath and we'll meet later. 好吧，休息一下，我们晚点再碰面。

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延伸用法

4. dead end 死巷英解： a street, corridor, etc., that has no exit A: I live on a dead end lane. 我住在一条死巷里。 B: It must be nice and quiet in your apartment. 你的公寓一定又好又安静。 5. dead in the water 被搁置的，不动的英解：stalled, immobile A: How's the new project going? 新计划进行的如何？ B: It's dead in the water because the company has no R & D budget. 因为公司没有研发预算已经搁置了。 6. dead to the world 睡得很沉，不省人事英解：sound asleep; not conscious A: Where's Terry? The groom is supposed to drink with his guests. 泰瑞呢？新郎应该要和客人喝酒的。 B: After a whole bottle of rice wine, he's probably dead to the world by now. 喝下一整瓶米酒后，他现在大概已经不省人事了吧。

Help 的用法

基本用法 1. help 帮助英解：to provide assistance A: It's difficult for me to finish this assignment alone. 要我独力完成这份作业很困难。 B: What're friends for? I'll help you out. 朋友是用来干嘛的？我会帮你的。 2. help 救，解救英解：to save; rescue A: Kevin is in a rescue organization and has helped save many people. 凯文在一个救援组织，并且援救过很多人。 B: I really respect guys like him. 我真的尊敬像他这种人。

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　延伸用法 3. cannot or could not help 不得不英解： unable to stop or prevent A: I cannot help laughing every time I see him. 我每次看到他都忍不住会笑。 B: Me neither. He's such a funny guy. 我也是，他真是个好笑的家伙。 4. So help me god! 我敢对天发誓！英解： on one's honor A: When are you going to quit smoking? 你什么时候要戒烟？ B: In two months, so help me god! 两个月内，我对天发誓！ 5. be of help 有用英解: be useful A: Stop preaching to me, Dad! 老爸，别对我说教了！ B: O.K. But you'll see an old man's words can be of much help in the future. 好，不过你以后就会知道老人的话是很有用的。 6. help oneself 自己取用英解： (an offer) to serve oneself A: Hey, this is a really decent party. 嘿，这真是个不错的派对。 B: Thanks. Help yourself if you want anything. 谢了，要什么就自己动手吧。

以下是引用Silver_lining在2005-5-11 11:54:11的发言：

Dead 的用法

基本用法

2. dead 坏掉的，无法运作的英解：not working; inoperative A: What's wrong with your car? 你的车怎么了？ B: It's dead. It won't even start. 它动不了，连发都发不动。

1. dead end

2. dead in the water

3. dead to the world.

if you are not sure of the meanings,

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以下是引用Silver_lining在2005-5-11 11:55:53的发言：

Help 的用法

every time I read silver_lining's posts, I couldn't help smiling, So help me God! his posts are really of help, pls just help yourself to enjoying them.

punctuation: colons and semi-colons, dashes and brackets

Semi-colon or colon?

The colon is probably more useful to you in writing compositions, Chan, as the colon symbol : is used before an explanation about something or to introduce a list. Note these examples below:

As a student living in London I know all about money pressures: part-time jobs barely cover the cost of accommodation and there is no money left for going out. Yet two of my internet applications for credit cards were accepted within five minutes of my logging on: a high-street bank offered me a student card with a ￡600 monthly spending limit and a building society offered me one with a ￡500 limit. I am able to survive financially only by: - not having more than three credit cards in operation at any one time - paying off part of the debt each month - not going out more than twice a week

Colons are also commonly used to introduce sub-divisions within a list:

There have been many winners from Britain's summer heat wave. Seasides: the main resorts have drawn crowds of up to 250,000 a day. Lidos: outdoor pools have had their best summer for ten years. Vineyards: British wines will enjoy a vintage year and early harvests. Farmers: cereal farmers have benefitted from an early harvest. Supermarkets: barbeque sales are 800 per cent up this summer.

Note also that in a more formal English style colons are frequently used to introduce direct speech:

A spokesman for the British Chamber of Commerce remarked: 'This country is not very well set up for dealing with very hot weather: public transport has been particularly problematical this summer.'

Semi-colons - symbolised as ; - do not have as many uses as colons, but they are sometimes used instead of a full-stop to balance two sentences or clauses which are closely related in meaning:

Some people do their best work in the early morning; others perform best late at night. Many people dislike walking in the rain and getting wet; personally I find it very therapeutic.

Dashes or brackets: - or ( ) ?

Dashes and brackets perform similar functions. They are useful for separating off parts of a sentence which introduce subordinate information which could be omitted. Dashes are used more in informal writing and newspaper reporting; brackets are more characteristic of discursive writing. Compare the following:

Two internet companies accepted my applications for credit cards immediately. Three further companies - Capital Two, Easyspend and Quickmoney - said they would notify me in ten days. Otzi, as he is known, is by far the oldest mummy discovered - those from ancient Egypt are 1000 years younger - and was unearthed by a couple climbing in the high peaks of Italy's South Tyrol. Dr Jones, head of international research, told the meeting - organised to express academic concern about the Atkins diet - that there wasn't a shred of evidence to suggest that the diet worked. After high school I went to a provincial university far away from home (my parents were opposed as they wanted me close by) to study psychology. There I met Amanda Fielding talking animatedly to a group of fellow students (they were media/film/TV studies undergraduates mainly, though some of them were linguists). I just knew immediately she was going to be a powerful influence on my life.

Dashes also introduce afterthoughts, particularly those of a surprising or unexpected nature. Brackets cannot be used in this way:

She says she won't be joining us at the summer house - at least not until after the children have left. Everyone turned up for my twenty-first birthday - including Peter and Jane from Australia.

Tag questions

A tag question is a question we can add to the end of a statement.

The basic rules for forming the two-word tag questions are as follows:

* the subject in the statement matches the subject in the tag * the auxiliary verb or verb to be in the statement matches the verb used in the tag * if the statement is positive, the tag is usually negative and vice versa

Compare the following:

You've posted my letters, haven't you?

You won't forget to check my emails, will you?

You're sad that I'm going, aren't you?

You aren't going to cry when I leave, are you?

When present and past simple tenses appear in positive statements, normally no auxiliary verb is used, but we use the auxiliaries does, do or did in the tag. In negative statements in the present or past simple, the auxiliaries doesn't, don't or didn't are, of course, already present. Compare the following:

You play tennis on Thursdays usually, don't you?

And Jack plays with you, doesn't he?

You didn't play last Thursday, did you? When we use the there is structure, there is reflected in the tag:

There's nothing wrong, is there?

There weren't any problems when you talked to Jack, were there?

Something / nobody /etc

When no one, somebody, something, etc is the subject in the statement, we use it in the tag to refer to something or nothing and they in the tag to refer to e.g. someone or nobody:

Something happened at Jack's house, didn't it?

No one phoned, did they?

Somebody wanted to borrow Jack's bike, didn't they? Who was it? When to use tag questions We use tag questions, Ahmad, to check information or to ask for agreement. If we use a rising intonation in the tag, we do not know or are not quite sure of the answer. If we use a falling intonation in the tag, we are seeking the agreement of the person we are talking to.

We can reply to tag questions either with simple yes/no answers (negative tags normally expect a yes answer and positive tags normally expect a no answer) or by using yes/no + auxiliary verb.

In these examples, use a rising intonation in the tag. It is a genuine question. You are not sure what the answer will be.

You haven't seen my tennis shoes, have you? ~ No, I'm sorry. I haven't.

I couldn't borrow yours by any chance, could I? ~ No. They wouldn't fit you. In these examples, use a falling intonation in the tag. You are simply seeking agreement.

It's been a lovely day today, hasn't it? ~ Yes, it has. Gorgeous.

It was a lovely wedding, wasn't it? ~ Wonderful!

I thought Sue looking stunning in her wedding dress, didn't she? ~ Yes, she did. Absolutely stunning.

It's a shame the day is over, isn't it? ~ Yes, it is.

tag questions - special features

positive statement - positive tag

We sometimes use a positive tag with a positive statement when we want to express surprise or particular interest:

I shall be staying at my favourite hotel - the five-star hotel in Windsor. ~ Oh, you've stayed there before, have you?

And I'm having supper there with the Australian tennis ace, Lleyton Hewitt. ~ Oh, so you know Lleyton Hewitt, do you? imperative sentences and let's

After imperatives, we sometimes add will you? or won't you? when we want people to follow our advice:

Don't stay there long, will you?

And do take care, won't you? After let's we sometimes add shall we? when we are making a suggestion:

Let's have buttered scones with strawberry jam for tea, shall we? Omission of pronoun subject and auxiliary verb In very informal speech, we sometimes leave out pronoun subjects, auxiliary verbs and verb to be in the statement. Compare the following:

Awful weather, isn't it? (= It's awful weather, isn't it?)

Keeping well, are you? (=You're keeping well, are you?)

Nobody at home, is there? (=There's nobody at home, is there?)

Work 的用法

基本用法 1. work 工作英解：effort exerted to do or make something A: I work eight hours a day, five days a week. 我每周工作五天，每天八小时。 B: Then you should make the best of weekend to do something that interests you. 那你应该好好利用周末做你有兴趣的事。 2. work 运转，运作英解：to be functional; to operate A: I'm sorry but this radio just doesn't work. 很抱歉，这台收音机根本不能用。 B: Did you check the batteries? Maybe you need to buy some new ones. 你有检查电池吗？也许你需要买一些新的电池。 3. work 作品英解：the result of effort or labor as a book or work of art A: Is this painting da Vinci? 这是达文西的画作吗？ B: Are you nuts? His real works cost millions. 你发疯了啊？他的真迹要好几百万呢。

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　延伸用法 4. work out 解决，完成英解：to accomplish; to solve A: I just can't seem to work out this math problem. 我似乎无法解出这道数学题。 B: You should go ask Glen, he's really good at math. 你应该去问葛兰，他对数学很在行。 5. work over 检查（作业等）英解：to study or examine carefully or thoroughly A: I'm working over student's term papers. Can I get back to you later? 我正在改学生的学期报告，我可以待会再打给你吗？ B: Sure, business before pleasure. 当然，公事比玩乐优先。 6. out of work 失业英解：unemployed A: How do they have time to sit in a coffee shop on a Monday afternoon? 为什么他们在周一的下午有时间坐咖啡厅？ B: They must be out of work or something. 他们一定是失业了。

Short的用法

基本用法 1. short 短的，矮的英解：having little length or height A: Who's Nick? I can't wait to meet him. 谁是尼克？我等不及要和他碰面了。 B: Do you see three guys standing by the bar? Nick is the short, fat guy. 你看到站在吧台旁边的三个男人了吗？尼克就是那个矮矮胖胖的家伙。 2. short 不足的，未达标准的英解：not reaching a set standard or level; deficient A: The kilogram of grapes I bought this morning was a few grams short. 我早上买的一公斤的葡萄少了好几公克。 B: It must be the weather. It's so hot that the water must have evaporated from the fruit. 一定是天气的关系。天气这么热水分都从水果里蒸发掉了。 3. shorts 短裤英解：trousers, knee-length or shorter A: Summer is here again. It's time to put on my shorts. 夏天又来了，穿短裤的时候到了。 B: And I'm thinking of buying some miniskirts. 而我是想买些迷你裙。

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延伸用法 4. for short 简称英解：as a shorter way of saying or naming something A: Why do you call him Bill? I thought his name is William. 为什么你叫他比尔？我还以为他的名字是威廉。 B: William is called Bill for short. 威廉是比尔的简称。 5. in short 总之英解：in summary; stated or said briefly A: In short, I didn't know which one to pick. 总之，我不知道要选哪一个。 B: Really? So you just picked English as your major? 真的吗？所以你就选英文当作主修啰？ 6. run short 用完英解：run out of A: Honey, are we going to be late? 亲爱的，我们会迟到吗？ B: Yes, and my patience is running short. Hurry up! 是的，而且我的耐心快用完了。快一点！

full的用法

基本用法 1. full 满的，充满的英解：containing the largest amount that will fit in a container or space A: Why isn't the car moving? Is it out of gas? 车子为什么不动？是没汽油了吗？ B: That's impossible. It had a full tank yesterday. 不可能的。昨天油箱还是满的。 2. full 吃饱的英解：unable to eat any more A: Would you like some more rice? 还要再来点饭吗？ B: No, thanks. I'm full. 不，谢了。我吃饱了。 3. full 完全的英解：complete; whole A: I spent the full weekend in Kaoshiung. 我整个周末都待在高雄。 B: Really? What did you do there? 真的吗？你在那边做什么？

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延伸用法 4. full-time 全职的，专任的英解： the number of hours that people normally work in a week A: Is your company looking for any part-time help? 你们公司要找兼职员工吗？ B: Sorry, we are only accepting applications for full-time positions. 抱歉，我们只接受全职的申请者。 5. full-blooded 纯种的英解： of unmixed breed or race A: What kind of dog do you have? 你养哪一种豿？ B: He's not full-blooded anything, he's just a mutt. 它不是纯种的，它只是一只杂种豿。

Top of the world 本意指“世界之巅”，当你站在世界之巅，一切尽在掌握之中，甭提有多快乐了，常译为“感到很高兴”。如:

When ardath agreed to marry CalmSky, CalmSky was on top of the world. 当 ardath 同意与 CalmSky 结婚时，CalmSky高兴疯了。

以下是引用Silver_lining在2005-5-14 23:08:09的发言：

Top of the world 本意指“世界之巅”，当你站在世界之巅，一切尽在掌握之中，甭提有多快乐了，常译为“感到很高兴”。如:

When ardath agreed to marry CalmSky, CalmSky was on top of the world. 当 ardath 同意与 CalmSky 结婚时，CalmSky高兴疯了。

Reader's posts can always push me on the top of the world and so can Reader himself.

'for' to express length of time

You are quite right, Serj. We use for as a preposition when we are talking about a period of time:

For a few years my brother worked on the plant.
My brother worked at the factory for a few years.

We don't know exactly when it was and I don't know how old your brother is but it might have been in the 90s, the 80s or the 70s or even earlier and it lasted for two or three years.

For can be used to describe a period of time in the past, present or future:

The English course that I'm attending lasts for three months.
Then I shall be on holiday in Dublin for five days. Last year I went to Australia and stayed for six weeks.

However, if you use for with the present perfect or present perfect continuous tense, it indicates a period of time which started in the past and continues up to the present time:

My sister has worked as a vet for fifteen years now - since 1987.
Those oak trees have been standing in Greenwich Park for centuries - since the 18th Century, I think.

Note that since is used to indicate the starting point of the action and for measures the period of time up to the present.

During to express length of time

We also use during as a preposition when we are talking about a period of time, but the meaning is different. During means (at some point) in the course of. Compare the following:

I saw not one duck on the lake during the whole of last summer.
I don't know when exactly but he must have left during the night.
I expect he'll phone me at some stage during next week.
It must have rained here during the last fortnight as the ground is quite soft and damp.

Remember the difference by thinking that during tells us when something happens, for tells us how long it lasts.

During does not work in your original sentence, Serj, because it introduces a subordinate clause starting with when or that and the sentence is incomplete. There is no main clause.

During the few years…
During the few years (when / that) my brother was working in the factory…

If we add a main clause, the sentence will be complete and grammatically correct.

During those years (when / that) my brother was working in the factory, I was studying at university.

Note that we can replace during…when or during…that with the conjunction while:

My brother was working on a farm while I was studying for my masters degree.
While my brother was at home working on the farm, I was away at university.

考研大纲词汇详表 A a, an art. 一(个)；任何一个；每，每一 abandon v. 放弃；抛弃 abide v. (by)坚持，遵守 ability n. 能力，智能；才能，才干 ableable to + inf. a. 有能力的，能干的，显示出才华的能，会 abnormal a. 反常的，不正常的 aboard ad.prep. 在船(飞机，车)上，上船(飞机，车)在(船，飞机，车)上，上(船，飞机，车) abolish v. 废除，取消 aboutbe about to + inf. ad.prep.a. 在周围，附近，到处；大约，差不多关于，对于；在……周围，在……附近准备即将 aboveabove all prep.a.ad. 在……上面，超过，高于上面的，上述的在上面，以上首要，尤其 abroad ad. 到国外，在国外；到处 abrupt a. 突然的，意外的；(举止、言谈等)唐突的，鲁莽的 absence n. 缺席，不在场；缺乏，没有 absent a. (from)缺席，不在场；漫不经心的 absolute a. 绝对的，完全的 absorbbe absorbed in v. 吸收；吸引，使专心专心于 absorption n. 吸收 abstract a.n.v. 抽象的摘要，提要提(抽)取 absurd a. 荒唐的 abundance n. 丰富，充裕 abundant a. (in)丰富的，充分的，充裕的 abuse v. / n. 滥用；虐待；漫骂 academic a. 学院的；学术的 academy n. 学院 accelerate v. 加速，促进 acceleration n. 加速(度) accent n. 腔调，口音；重音(符号) accept v. 接受，认可；同意，承认 acceptable a. 可接受的 acceptance n. 接受，验收；承认，认可 accesshave / gain access to n. 接近，进入；入口，通路；接近(或进入)的方法可以获得 accessory n.a. 附近，配件附属的 accidentby accident n. 事故；意外的事，偶然的事偶然 accidental a. 偶然的，意外的 accommodate v. 留宿，收容；供应，供给 accommodation(s) n. 住宿，留宿；膳宿供应 accompany v. 陪同，伴随；为……伴奏 accomplish v. 完成 accordancein accordance with n. 一致与……一致 according to 按照，根据 accordingly ad. 因此，从而，相应地，照着(办) accountaccount foron account of take … into account n.v. 帐(目，户)；叙述，说明说明，解释说明(原因等)因为，由于考虑 accumulate v. 积累，积蓄，堆积 accuracy n. 准确，精确度 accurate a. 精确的，准确的 accuse v. (of)控告，谴责 accustom v. (to)使习惯 accustomedbe accustomed to a. 惯常的，习惯的习惯于 ache v.n. 痛疼痛，酸痛 achieve v. 完成；达到，达成，获得 acid n.a. 酸酸的 acknowledge v. 承认；致谢 acquaint v. (sb. with)使认识，使了解 acquaintance n. 熟人，相识 acquire v. 取得，获得；学到 acquisition n. 获得；获得物 acre n. 英亩 across prep.ad. 横越，穿过；在……对面，与……交叉横过，穿过，横断；宽，阔 act v.n. 行动，做事；(on)起作用；表演行为，动作；(一)幕；法令，条例 action n. 行动，行为；动作，活动；(on)作用 activate v. 使活动，起动 active a. 有活动力的，活跃的，敏捷的，在活动中的 activity n. 活动；活性，活力 actor n. 男演员 actress n. 女演员 actual a. 实际的，现实的 acute a. 敏锐的，尖锐的；(疾病)急性的 AD / A.D. 公元 ad=advertisement n. 广告 adapt v. (to)(使)适应，适合；改编，改写 adaptation n. 改编；适应 addadd up to v. (to)加，增加；补充说，又说合计，总计 additionin additionin addition to n. (增)加，加法；附加(物)另外除……之外 aditional a. 附加的，另外的，额外的 address n.v. 地址，通讯处，致辞致函，写姓名地址；向……讲话 adequate a. 足够的，充分的，恰当的 adhere v. (to)粘附，胶着；坚持 adjacent a. (to)邻近的，毗连的 adjective n./a. 形容词(的) adjoin v. 毗连，靠近 adjust v. 调节，调整，校正 administrate/administer v. 掌管，料理……的事务，实施，执行；给予，投(药) administration n. 管理，经营；行政(机关，部门)；政府 admiration n. 钦佩，赞美 admire v. 钦佩，赞赏，羡慕 admission n. 允许进入，接纳，收容；承认 admit v. 让……进入，接纳；承认 adolescent n.a. 青少年青春期的，青少年的 adopt v. 采用，采纳通过；收养 adoption n. 采用，采纳，通过；收养 adult n.a. 成(年)人成年人的，已成熟的 advancein advance v.n. 前进，进展；推进，促进，提出(建议等)；提前前进，进展；迂腐，预支提前，预先 advanced a. 高级的，先进的，前进的 advantagegain an advantage overtake advantage of n. 优点，长处，有利条件；利益，好处胜过，优于利用 advantageous a. 有利的 adventure n. 冒险，惊险活动；奇遇 adverb n. 副词 adverse a. 不利的，有害的 advertise v. 做广告 advice n. 劝告，忠告，(医生等的)意见 advisable a. 可取的，适当的 advise v. 劝告，忠告；建议；通知 advocate n.v. 提倡者，鼓吹者提倡，鼓吹 aerial a.n. 空中的，航空的天线 aeroplane/airplane n. 飞机 aerospace n. 太空，宇宙空间 aesthetic/esthetic a. 美学的，艺术的，审美的 affair n. 事，事情，事件 affect v. 影响；感动 affection n. 爱，慈爱，感情；影响 affiliate v.n. 使隶属(或附属)于附属机构，分公司 affirm v. 断言，肯定 affirmative a. 肯定的 afford v. 担负得起，买得起，花得起(时间)；供给，给予 afraid a. (of)怕，害怕的，恐怕，担心的 Africa n. 非洲 African a.n. 非洲(人)的非洲人 after prep.conj.ad. 在……以后，在……后面在……后以后，后来 afternoon n. 下午，午后 afterward(s) ad. 后来，以后 again ad. 又，再(次)，重新 against prep. 对(着),逆,反对；违反；靠近,倚在；对比 age n.v. 年龄；时期，时代变老，老化 agency n. 代理(处)，代办处 agenda n. 议事日程 agent n. 代理商(人)，代表 aggravate v. 恶化，加重，加剧 aggressive a. 侵略的,好斗的；敢做敢为的,有进取心的 agitate v. 鼓动，煽动；搅拌 ago ad. 以前，……前 agony n. 苦恼，痛苦 agree v. (to, with)同意，赞成；一致，适合 agreeable a. 惬意的，令人愉快的，易相处的；同意的 agreement n. 同意，一致；协定，协议 agricultural a. 农业的 agriculture n. 农业 aheadahead of ad. 在前，向前，提前，前头在……前面，先于 aid v.n. 援助，救援，帮助援助，救护；助手，辅助物，辅助设备 aim v.n. (at)目的在于，旨在；瞄准，针对目标，目的 airin the air n.v. 空气，大气，天空；神气，架子使通风在流行中，在传播中 aircraft n. 航空器，飞机 airline n. 航线；航空公司 airmail n. 航空邮件，航空邮政 airplane/aeroplane n. 飞机 airport n. 机场，航空站 alarm n.v. 警报；惊恐，惊慌使惊恐，惊动，惊吓；向……报警 alcohol n. 酒精，乙醇 alert a. 警惕的；机灵的 alien n.a. 外侨；外星人外国的；(from)相异的；(to)不相容的 alike a. 相同的，相象的 alive a. 活着的；活跃的，热闹的 allafter all all butall outall overall right at all in all not at all a.pron.ad. 所有的，全部的一切，全部完全，都，十分终于，毕竟；虽然这样几乎，差一点；除……之外其余都全力以赴，竭尽全力遍及，到处行，可以；顺利，良好完全，根本总共，共计一点也不 allege v. 断言，宣称 alleviate v. 减轻，缓解，缓和 alliancein alliance with n. 结盟，联名；联姻与……联盟 allied a. 联合的，同盟的 allocate v. 分配，分派，把……拨给 allowallow for v. 允许，准许；承认；让……得到考虑到 allowancemake allowance(s) for n. 津贴，补助(费)考虑到，顾及；体谅，原谅 alloy n. 合金 ally n.v. 同盟国，同盟者；支持者(with)使结盟 almost ad. 几乎，差不多 aloneleavel/let … alonelet alone a.ad. 单独，独自，独一无二的仅仅，只；单独地，独自听其自然，不要去管更不用说 along along with prep.ad. 沿着向前与……一起 alongside prep.ad. 在……旁边，横靠，与……并肩并排地，并肩地 aloud ad. 出声地，大声地 alphabet n. 字母表 already ad. 已，已经 alsonot only … but also ad. 也，同样；而且，还不但……而且 alter v. 改变，变更 alteration n. 改变，变更 alternate a.v. 交替的，轮流的交替，轮流 alternative a.n. 两者挑一的可供选择的事物，替换物，选择对象 although conj. 尽管，虽然，即使 altitude n. 高度，海拔 altogether ad. 完全，全部地；总共；总之 aluminum/aluminium n. 铝 always ad. 永远，始终；总是，一直 AM / A.M. / a.m. 上午 amateur a.n. 业余的业余活动(爱好)者 amaze v. 使惊奇，使惊愕，使惊叹 ambassador n. 大使 ambiguous a. 模棱两可的 ambition n. 雄心，野心 ambitious a. 有雄心的，野心勃勃的 ambulance n. 救护车 amend v. 修改，修正 America n. 美洲；美国 American a. n. 美洲(人)的；美国(人)的美洲人；美国人 among(st) prep. 在……之中，在……中间 amount n.v. 数量，总额(to)合计，总共达，等于 ampere n. 安培 ample a. 充分的，富裕的；宽敞的，宽大的 amplifier n. 放大器，扩音机 amplify v. 放大，增强 amuse v. 逗……笑，给……以娱乐(消遣) amusement n. 娱乐，消遣；娱乐活动 analog/analogue n. 类似物；模拟 analogyby analogy n. 比拟，类比用类推的方法 analysis n. 分析，分解 analytic(al)a. 分析的，分解的 analyze/analyse v. 分析，分解 ancestor n. 祖宗，祖先 anchor n.v. 锚抛锚，停泊 ancient a. 古代的，古老的 and conj. 和，与，而且；那么；接连，又 angel n. 天使 anger n.v. (愤)怒，气愤使发怒，激怒 angle n. 角；角度，方面，观点 angry a. 激怒的；生气的；(风雨等)狂暴的 animal n.a. 动物，野兽，牲畜动物的，野兽的 ankle n. 踝 anniversary n. 周年(纪念日) announce v. 宣布，发表，通告；报告……的来到 announcer n. 播音员，报幕员 annoy v. 使烦恼，使生气，打搅 annual a.n. 每年的，年度的年刊，年鉴 anonymous a. 匿名的；无名的；无特色的 anotherone after anotherone another a.pron. 另一，再一；别的，不同的另一个，类似的一个一个接一个互相 answer v.n. 回答，答复，响应，(for)负责，保证；(to)符合，适合回答，答复，答案 ant n. 蚂蚁 antarctic a.n. 南极(区)的[the A-]南极洲，南极(圈) antenna n. 天线 anticipate v. 预期，预料，预感，期望 anxiety n. 挂念，焦虑，焦急，忧虑；渴望，热望 anxious a. (about)忧虑的，担心的，焦急的；渴望的 any a.pron.ad. [否定、疑问、条件句中]什么，一些；任何的，任一的无论哪个，无论哪些；一个，一些稍，丝毫 anybody pron. 任何人，无论谁；重要人物 anyhow ad. 不管怎样，无论如何；不论用何种方法 anyone = anybody pron. 任何人，无论谁 anythinganything but pron. 无论什么事(物)，一切；什么事(物)，任何事(物)除……以外任何事(物)，根本不 anyway = anyhow ad. 无论如何 anywhere ad. 任何地方，无论哪里 apartapart from ad. 撇开；分开，分离；相距，相隔除去 apartment n. [英]房间，套间；[美]公寓 apologize / apologise v. (to, for)道歉，认错 apology n. 道歉，歉意，认错 apparatus n. 器械，设备，仪器，装置 apparent a. (to)明显的，显而易见的；表面的，貌似的 appeal v.n. (to)呼吁，要求；对……有吸引力；申诉，上诉(to)呼吁，要求；吸引力；申诉，上诉 appear v. 出现，显露；出场，问世；来到；好像是，仿佛 appearance n. 出现，出场，露面；外表，外貌，外观 appendix n. 附录，附属物 appetite n. 食欲，胃口；欲望，爱好，要求 applaud v. 喝彩，欢呼，鼓掌，称赞 applause n. 鼓掌欢迎，欢呼 apple n. 苹果(树) appliance n. 用具，器具 applicable a. (to)能应用的，适用的 application n. 请求，申请(书，表)；应用，运用；施用，敷用 apply v. (for)申请，请求；(to)适用，应用，运用 appoint v. 任命，委任；约定，指定 appointment n. 约会，预约；任命，选派 appraisal n. 估计，估量；评价 appreciable a. 可以觉察的，可估计的 appreciate v. 感谢，感激；正确评价，欣赏，赏识 apprehension n. 忧虑，担心，疑惧；理解，领悟 approach v.n. 靠近，接近，临近方法，途径；探讨 appropriate a. (to)适当的，恰如其分的 approval n. 赞成，同意；认可，批准 approve v. (of)赞成，满意，同意；批准，审定，通过 approximately ad. 近似地，大约 April n. 四月 apt a. 恰当的，适宜的；(习性)易于……的，有……倾向的 Arabian n.a. 阿拉伯人阿拉伯(人)的 arbitrary a. 任意的，专断的 arch n.v. 拱门，弓形结构，桥拱洞拱起，(使)变成弓形 architect n. 建筑师 architecture n. 建筑(式样，风格)；建筑学 arctic a.n. 北极(区)的[the A-]北极，北极圈 area n. 面积；地区，区域；范围，领域 argue v. 争论，辩论；主张，论证；说服 argument n. 争论，辩论；论据，论点 arise v. 出现,发生,(from)由……引起,由……产生 arithmetic n. 算术 arm n.v. (手)臂，臂状物；扶手，衣袖；[pl.][总称]武器，武装武装，装备 army n. 军(队)，陆军；大群 around ad.prep. 各处，到处；周围，在附近；大约在……周围，在……附近，在……各地 arouse v. 唤醒，唤起；激起，引起 arrange v. 整理，排列，布置；安排，筹备 array n.v. 一系列，大量；排列排列 arrest v. / n. 逮捕，扣留 arrival n. 到来，到达；到达的人或物 arrivearrive at v. 到达，来到达成，得出 arrow n. 箭；箭头(符号)，箭状物 art n. 艺术，美术；技术，技艺；[pl.]文科，人文学科 article n. 文章，论文；物品，商品；项目，条款；冠词 articulate a.v. 善于表达的，口齿清晰的明确有力地表达 artificial a. 人工的，人造的；人为的，矫揉造作的 artist n. 艺术家，美术家 artistic a. 艺术(家)的，美术(家)的 asas … asas foras ifas thoughas to as well as well as not as / so … as ad.conj.prep. 一样，同样像……一样；由于；正当；以致；虽然，尽管作为，如同像……一样至于，就……方面说好像，仿佛好像，仿佛至于，关于也，又(除……之外)也，既……有不如……那样 ascend v. 攀登，上升 ascertain v. 查明，弄清，确定 ash n. 灰(烬) ashamed a. (of)羞耻，惭愧，害臊 ashore ad. 在岸上，上岸 Asia n. 亚洲 Asian a.n. 亚洲(人)的亚洲人 asideaside from ad. 在旁边，到旁边除……以外 askask after ask for v. (询)问；请求，要求；(邀)请，约请询问，问候请求，要求 asleep a. 睡着的 aspect n. 样子，外表面貌；(问题等的)方面 assault v. / n. 袭击，攻击 assemble v. 集合，集会；装配，组装 assembly n. 集合，集会，会议；装配 assert v. 断言，宣称 assess v. 估价，评价 assign v. 分配，委派；指定(时间、地点等) assignment n. 分配，委派；任务，(课外)作业 assimilate v. (被)吸收，(被)消化；(使或被)同化 assist v. 帮助，援助，协助 assistance n. 帮助，援助 assistant n.a. 助手，助教辅助的，助理的 associate v.n.a. (with)使联系，使联合；交往，结合合作人，伙伴，同事，同行副的 association n. 协会，团体；联合，联系，交往；联想 assume v. 假装；假定，设想；采取，承担，呈现 assumption n. 假定，设想；采取；承担 assurance n. 确信，断言；保证，担保 assure v. 使确信，使放心；保证，担保 astonish v. 使惊讶，使吃惊 astronaut n. 宇航员 astronomy n. 天文学 at prep. [表示地点、位置、场合]在，于，到……处；[表示时刻、时节、年龄]在……时，当；[表示目标、方向]对着，向；[表示速度、价格]以，在……方面 athlete n. 运动员 Atlantic a.n. 大西洋的[the Atlantic]大西洋 atmosphere n. 大气(层)；空气；气氛，环境；大气压(压力单位) atmospheric a. 大气的，空气的 atom n. 原子；微粒，微量 attachattached to v. (to)缚上，系上，贴上；使依附，使隶属，使依恋附属于，隶属于 attack v. / n.n. 攻击，进攻，抨击；着手，开始(病)发作 attain v. 达到，获得 attempt v.n. 尝试，试图(at)企图，努力 attend v. 出席，参加；(to)照顾，护理 attendance n. 到场，出席 attendant n. 服务员，值班员；护理人员 attentionpay attention to n. 注意(力)，留心；立正注意 attentive a. 注意的，留神的 attitude n. (to, towards)态度，看法，姿势 attorney n. 律师 attract v. 吸引，招引，引诱，引起(注意等) attractive a. 有吸引力的，引起兴趣的，动人的 attribute n.v. 属性，品质，特征(to)把……归于；认为……是……所为 audience n. 听众，观众，读者；谒见，会见 augment v. 扩大，增加，提高 August n. 八月 aunt n. 伯母，婶母，姑母，舅母，姨母 aural a. 听觉的 Australia n. 澳大利亚，澳洲 Australian a.n. 澳洲的；澳大利亚(人)的澳大利亚人 author n. 作者；创始人 authority n. 权力，威信，权威；权威者，有权威性的典籍；[pl.]当局，官方 auto n. 汽车 automatic n.a. 自动机械自动的，无意识的，机械的 automation n. 自动(化) automobile n. 汽车 autumn n. 秋(季) auxiliary a. 辅助的，补助的 availavail (oneself) ofof / to no avail n.v. [一般用于否定句或疑问句中]效用，利益，帮助有用于，有助于利用不起作用，没有用 available a. 可用的，可得到的；可以见到的，随时可来的 avenue n. 林阴道，大街；途径，手段 averageon (the / an) average n.a.v. 平均(数)平均的；通常的，一般的平均，均分平均，一般说来 avert v. 防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) aviation n. 航空，飞行 avoid v. 避免，回避，逃避 await v. 等候，期待 awake a.v. 醒着的，警觉的唤醒，唤起；醒，觉醒，醒悟到，认识到 award n.v. 奖(品)授予，奖给 aware a. (of)知道的，意识到的 awayright away ad. 离开，远离；……去，……掉；不断……下去立即，马上 awful a.ad. 极度的,极坏的,糟糕的；威严的,可怕的十分，极度地 awfully ad. 非常，很 awkward a. 笨拙的，不灵活的，棘手的，尴尬的；使用不便的 ax / axe n. 斧(子) axis n. 轴(线)；构图中心线

主题：CalmSky的学习笔记