主题：路过看看

语法书这东西，从来没有从头到尾看过来的，来这为了自我督促，大家没事儿的过来看看，有好方法什么的，也请多指教！

第一讲 冠词

一、使用定冠词与不使用定冠词的场合 二、使用不定冠词与不使用不定冠词的场合 三、既不使用定冠词，也不用不定冠词的场合

一、 1.使用定冠词的场合（1~43） 1）用在表示独一无二的或被认为是唯一的东西的名词前

The world is like a stage. 世界就像一个舞台。

The moon goes down, a raven cries and frost fills the sky. 月落乌啼霜满天。

On fine evenings, the Milky Way is ever so bright. 在晴朗的夜晚，银河非常明亮。

They thought the earth was the centre of the universe. 他们认为地球是宇宙的中心。

The sky is clear blue now and has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood. 这时，天空已是一片湛蓝，太阳把千万颗宝石撒在草地上，撒在河岸边，撒在树林间。

Outside the moon is high with a dark-blue sky behind it and with mountains, plains, and forests of silver lying below. 窗外，月亮挂在深兰色的天幕上，天幕下是银色的山峦、平川和森林。

但是，某些这类名词若因阴晴雨雪等而表现出不同的状貌，前有形容词修饰时，亦可不用定冠词。例如：

a blue sky 蔚蓝的天空

a starry sky 星光灿烂的天空

a cloudless sky 晴朗的天空

a sullen sky 阴沉的天空

a cloudy sky 多云的天空

a dark-blue sky 深兰色的天空

in a sky of iron 在铁色的天空

a new moon 新月

a half moon 半月

a full moon 满月

a crescent moon 一钩新月

a red sun 一轮红日

再如普通名词sea等类似表达法：

a calm sea 平静的海

a rough sea 波涛汹涌的海

a long sea 长波阔浪的海

a short sea 急浪翻腾的海

a strong wind 劲风

1.I was _____ a book and didn't hear your call. [A]occupied with [B]absorbed in [C]broken in [D]agreed with

2.The teacher asked him to _____ his lateness for school.

[A]admit of [B]answer for [C]accustom to [D]account for

3.I don't think anyone can accuse me _____ not being frank.

[A]off [B]of [C]into [D]to

4.He had to _____ himself to the cold weather of the new country.

[A]apply [B]adopt [C]admit [D]accustom

5.There are four forces which _____ an aircraft as it flies through the air.

[A]act on [B]apply to [C]depend on [D]add to

说的不错！

2）用在表示特指的人或物的名词前（熟知或心照不宣的人或物）

The snows came. 下雪天来临了。

Alice is in the back garden. 艾丽丝在后花园里。

Where are the other students? 别的学生在哪儿？

It rained heavily during the night. 夜里下了暴雨。

The air is fresh after the rains. 雨后的空气非常清新。

The rising sun flushed the green mountain tops. 旭日映红了苍翠的山顶。

She scored high marks in the examination for admission to college. 她在大学入学考试中获得了高分。

The birds in the trees outside my window began to sing in the early morning. 一大早，我窗外树上的鸟儿就开始鸣唱。

When the scenery of the south is most beautiful, I meet you again in showers of falling flowers. 正是江南好风景，落花时节又逢春。

比较： She likes the man of no little humour. 她喜欢那个幽默风趣的人。（特指） She likes a man of no little humour. 她喜欢幽默风趣的人。（泛指）

1~5[B][D][B][D][A]

6.We _____ ourselves to the hot weather. [A]suited [B]adopted [C]adapted [D]applied

7.That he didn't come _____ our difficulties.

[A]sums up [B]adds up to [C]is attached to [D]adds to

8.If you _____ all these figures _____, they'll come to quite a big sum.

[A]add up ... to [B]add ... up [C]add ... to [D]adapt ... to

9.How much do all these figures _____?

[A]add up to [B]add up [C]add to [D]add to up

10.He occasionally smokes but never gets himself _____ to it.

[A]amounted [B]admitted [C]addicted [D]added

3)用在第二次提到的人或物的名词前

We were just preparing to pass the night in the open when an old man came up to us, and insisted that we stay in his house. When we entered the house, the old man asked us to sit down, and began serving us coffee. 我们正准备在露天过夜，这时来了一位老人朝我们走来，坚持要我们住在他的屋子里。我们就进了屋子，老人让我们坐下，端来了咖啡。

4）用在由短语或从句修饰的名词前

The key to the safe is lost. 保险箱的要是丢了。

The restaurant where I had my dinner last night is most inoconvenient. 昨晚我去吃饭的那家餐馆太不方便了。

5）用在形容词、副词最高级或序数词前only,main,sole,same修饰名词时，前面也要用定冠词

That's the main point. 那就是要点。

He is the sole heir. 他是唯一的继承人。

The same causes produce the same effects. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

The darkest cloud has a silver lining. 山重水复处必是柳暗花明时。

He is the first man to come. 他是第一个来的人。

This is the only path through the forest. 这是穿过森林的唯一的小路。

但在下列习语中，叙述词前不用定冠词：

We are first cousins. 我们是亲表兄弟。

He is second to none in skill. 他的技术比谁都高超。

He went to see her first thing in the morning. 他早上首先去看她。

其他如：

at first glance 乍看

on second thoughts 进一步考虑后

first prize 头奖

first secretary 第一书记

6~10[C][D][B][A][C]

11.Although he was warned _____ the danger, he adhered _____ his plans to climb the mountain alone.

[A]of ... to [B]to ... of [C]about ... to [D]to ... about

12.The desks and seats can be adjusted _____ the height of any child.

[A]with [B]to [C]for [D]in

13.Russia had to _____ the negligence of safety measure in some nuclear reactors.

[A]admit to [B]hold to [C]admit of [D]adjust to

14. She believes in God. She thinks that a true love of God _____ of no exception.

[A]approves [B]admits [C]accuse [D]beware

15.She wants to know whether the measures have been aggreed _____ by both parties.

[A]for [B]with [C]about [D]upon

6）用在单数名词前表示属类

The whale is in danger of becoming extinct. 鲸有灭绝的危险。

The rose smells sweet. 玫瑰花香。

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 一鸟在手胜过二鸟在林。

The telephone was invented by Alexander G. Bell. 电话是由亚历山大·G·贝尔发明的。

Who invented the television? 电视是谁发明的？

The fox may grow grey, but never good. 狐狸会变老，但不会变好。

The burnt child dreads the fire. 挨过烫的孩子怕火。

The cautious man shouldn't do like that. 谨慎的人是不会那样做的。

You'd better play the man a little more. 你应该多一点男子气概。

The yen was undervalued compared with the dollar. 日元对美元的比值降低了。

The kilometre is the international standard. 千米是国际通用的标准。

7)用在复数名词前表示某类人的总称或集体中的任何一个或多于一个

Once in a while they go to the shops. (指一个商店或多个商店)

Her countenance is like the flowers and the moon. 她有着花容月貌。

What surprises him most is that the government employees are mildly annoyed at the decision. 最使他感到吃惊的是，所有的政府雇员都对这项决定感到有些气愤。

也表示泛指时日。例如：

The times have changed. 时代变了。

The years went by. 一年又一年。(光阴荏苒)

11~15[A][B][A][B][D]

16.Would you agree _____ doing me a favour?

[A]to [B]for [C]with [D]on

17.She agreed _____ him about the holiday plan.

[A]by [B]on [C]over [D]with

18.The same food does not agree _____ everyone's constitution. [A]about [B]to [C]on [D]with

19.They _____ breaking the power of the landlords, big capitalists,and foreign imperialists.

[A]come at [B]called for [C]aimed at [D]caught at

20.You can't expect to be there within 4 hours; you'll have to _____ delays going through towns and for stops for refuelling.

[A]leave out [B]allow for [C]involve in [D]compose of

8)用在形容词、动名词、过去分词前表示同一类人或物或某种抽象的概念

做主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。但表示某一个人，某种抽象概念或抽象事物时，谓语动词用但数。例如：

the rich 富人

the old 老人

the deceased 死者

the condemned 死刑犯

the employed 雇员

the assured 被保险的人

the socially gifted 具有非凡交际能力的人

the fair 美人

the mentally unbalanced 精神失常者

the brave 英雄

the down-trodden 受蹂躏的人

the missing 失踪者

the unusual 古怪的东西

the mentally ill 精神病患者

the difficult 困难的东西

the ordinary 寻常的东西

the unexpected 不可预料的东西（事）

the mystical 神秘古怪的东西

the sentimental 多愁善感的人

the unknown 未知的东西

the innocent 无辜的人

the impossible 不可能的事

the blind 盲人

the supernatural 神奇（超自然）的东西

the homeless 无家可归的人

the living 活着的人

the dead 死者

the dumb 聋人

the sick 病人

the handicapped 残疾人

the young 年轻人

the aged 老人

the wicked 恶人

the wounded 伤员

the oppressed 被压迫者

the privileged 特权阶级

the elderly 年长者

the unscrupulous 无耻之徒

the dying 将死的人

the unemployed 失业者

the sublime 高尚的东西

the exploited 受剥削者

the right and the wrong 对与错

the well-to-do 富裕的人

the false, the evil and the ugly 假、丑、恶

the learned 有学问的人

the good and the evil 善与恶

the ridiculous 荒谬的（东西）

the inevitable 不可避免的事

the true, the good and the beautiful 真、善、美

16~20 [A][D][D][C][B]

21.His weakened condition would not _____ his being questioned by the police. [A]call for [B]allow of [C]be allowed of [D]admit to

22.In 1977, Japan's overall trade surplus _____ $17.5 billion.

[A]appealed to [B]amounted to [C]happened to [D]added up

23.I'll answer _____ it that this man is honest.

[A]to [B]for [C]back [D]up

24.These books are both interesting and instructive. No wonder they _____ the reading public.

[A]approve of [B]prepare for [C]account for [D]appeal to

25.I would like to apply _____ the position of salesgirl which you advertised in the newspaper.

[A]to [B]with [C]up [D]for

The young like skiing. 年轻人喜欢滑雪。

Heal the wounded and rescue the dying. 救死扶伤。

The living mourn for the dead. 生者哀悼死者。

The ignorant are suspicious. 无知者多疑。

It is only the ignorant who despise education. 只有无知的人才轻视教育。

The learned are most modest. 有学问的人总是很谦逊的。

The handicapped need our help. 残疾人需要我们的帮助。

The well-to-do have their cares also. 富裕的人也有烦恼。

Fortune favors the brave. 命运偏爱勇敢的人。

She felt sympathy for the unfortunate. 她同情不幸的人。

The wicked always come to bad ends. 恶人总会遭报应的。

You can't expect me to do the impossible. 你不能指望我做不可能的事。

He was scornful of the privileged. 他鄙视特权阶层。

We must take the rough with the smooth. 好的坏的我们都得承受。

The unscrupulous often deceive the innocent. 无耻之徒总是会欺骗头脑单纯的人。

21~25 [C][B][A][A][C]

26.The good reader has at his command several special skills which he can _____ reading problems as they occur.

[A]apply to [B]apply for [C]use to [D]fit in

27.If he had _____ his work, he could have finished it in time.

[A]applied his minds to [B]devoted to [C]applied his mind to [D]prided himself on

28.Mary would never do anything that was not _____ of by her parents.

[A]agreed [B]complied [C]consented [D]approved

29.They _____ him into the adoption of the plan.

[A]applied [B]broke [C]made [D]argued

30.He would have done it of his own will, but he was _____ it by his wife.

[A]argued out of [B]argued out [C]asked for [D]bore of

The old is always opposite to the new. 旧的东西总是同新的东西相对立。

The righteous are bold as a lion. 正义之士，其勇如狮。

The poet has an ardent yearning for the supernatural. 诗人憧憬超自然的东西。

We are apt to accept the obvious too easily. 我们容易轻易接受明显的东西。

He had compassion for the helpless. 他同情无助者。

The local government provided relief for the destitute. 地方政府为贫困者发放救济品。

They dealt out rice to the needy. 他们把大米分发给缺粮的人。

The bald need no comb. 秃子不需梳头。

The jealous are troublesome to others, but a torment to themselves. 嫉妒者对他人是烦恼，对他们自己却是折磨。

Here were the high and low, slaves and masters. 这里高低贵贱的人都有，有奴隶，也有主人。

There is no good in arguing about the inevitable. 对于无法避免的事，争论是无益的。

The government should take account of the interests of the disabled. 政府应当顾及到残疾人的利益。

Never put the trivial above the imiportant in doing anything. 无论做任何事情切不可本末倒置。

Why should I serve the high and mighty with lowered eyes and on bent knees? Such things can never make my heart rejoice! 安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜！

He that spares the bad injures the good. 宽容邪恶就是伤害善良。

The law is made to protect the innocent by punishing the guilty. 制定法律在于惩罚罪恶，保护无辜。

The injured were taken to hospital. 受伤的人被送往了医院。

On buses there are a few seats reserved for senior citizens and the pregnant. 公共汽车上设有一些老人和孕妇的专座。

The power of fortune is acknowledged by the unhappy, for the happy owe all their success to their merits. 命运的力量为不幸者所承认，因为幸福的人把他们一切的成功归于自己的实力。

26~30 [A][C][D][D][A]

31.They _____ the station twenty minutes before the train was due.

[A]attained to [B]arrived at [C]reached for [D]extended to

32.I met him yesterday; he was asking _____ you.

[A]about [B]for [C]back [D]after

33.Did you get the post-card I sent you _____ Zhang Hong's address?

[A]requiring of [B]requesting about [C]asking for [D]inquiring after

34.To do that is asking for _____ .

[A]difficulty [B]hardship [C]trouble [D]the trouble

35.I can not _____ to you on this point.

[A]allure [B]assert [C]assent [D]award

但：

The accused was acquitted. 被告被宣判无罪。（指一个人）

The unknown is yet to come. 天有不测风云。（指未知事物）

The beautiful is not always the good, and the good is not always the true. 美不一定是善，善不一定是真。

There is but one step from the sublime to the ridiculous. 高尚和荒谬相去只一步。

The latest is that he has walked across the desert. 最新消息说，他已徒步穿越了沙漠。（某一具体事物）

The inevitable was not long in coming. 不可避免的事不久就发生了。（某一具体事物）

The faulty stands on the guard. 犯错的人需时时警惕。

The youth of the country is (/are) ready to fight. 全国青年都准备战斗。

表示单数概念的这类词还有：the exotic, the unreal, the lovely, the foreign, the exciting等。

比较： The accused was acquitted. 被告被宣判无罪（一人） Several of the accused were acquitted. 几个被告被宣判无罪。（几人）

31~35 [B][D][C][C][C]

36.She wished to forget everything _____ with her former life.

[A]combined [B]acquainted [C]associated [D]assisted

37.The self-important manager didn't seem to _____ much importance to my advice.

[A]apply [B]consider [C]judge [D]attach

38.We witnessed four operations at Hospital No.3 ____ to Beijing Medical College. [A]attached [B]fastened [C]adjusted [D]adhered

39.Will you please attend _____ what I am saying.

[A]for [B]in [C]on [D]to

40.Many automobile accidents were _____ careless driving.

[A]attributed to [B]contributed to [C]resulted in [D]raised from

这类形容词有时可用副词、介词短语、定语从句或另一形容词修饰。例如： The seriously wounded were sent to the hospital at once. 重伤者被立即送往医院。

The old in this country are tanken good care of. 这个国家的老人受到了很好的照顾。

The extremely old are sent there.

The very wise are still modest.

The physically and mentally handicapped need looking after.

The seriously ill are still under treatment in hospital. 重病患依然在医院接受治疗。

The houses and cars of the new rich are huge but vulgar. 那位暴发户的房子和车子都硕大无比，却也俗不可耐。

The young in spirit enjoy life.

The old who resist changes are few and far between.

这类形容词有时可用比较级或最高级。例如：

Even the humblest have their rights in the world. 即使最卑贱的人在世界上也有自己的权力。

The greatest are not always the noblest. 最伟大的人并非总是最高尚的人。

The wise seeks advise from the wiser. 聪明人寻求更聪明的指教。

有时可用形容词物主代词代替这类形容词前定冠词。例如：

Your sick will be nursed and your young will be fed. 你们的患病将得到护理，年幼者将得到抚养。

the+haves 表示“富人、富国”， the+have-nots 表示“穷人、穷国”；the help 表示“佣人们”， 为“the+名词”结构，表示一类人。例如：

Information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global market --- with destructive impact on the have-nots.

Note:表示一类人时，the 偶尔可以省略。例如：

The country lacks capital, energy and food and has large numbers of unemployed. 这个国家缺少资金、能源和食品，而且有大量的失业人口。

36~40 [C][D][A][D][A]

41.I hope I can depend on you not to back _____ at the last moment.

[A]up [B]out [C]on [D]down

42.I'll put the suggestion to the meeting, if you'll _____.

[A]brush me up [B]back me up [C]bring me up [D]cut me up

43.He knew he could _____ public indignation to change things, if he could once prove the dirty work.

[A]back up [B]back out [C]bank on [D]bear up

44.If the evidence _____ the charge, the man will be convicted.

[A]shows out [B]falls out [C]draws out [D]bears out

45.It's particularly difficult to _____ against the midsummer heat.

[A]hold up [B]stir up [C]put up [D]bear up

It's very good. come on, everyone.